Vitamin D supplementation and major cardiovascular events: D-Health randomised controlled trial

Vitamin D supplementation and major cardiovascular events: D-Health randomised controlled trial

by | Jan 3, 2024 | Abstracts

CCBYNC Open access

 

Vitamin D supplementation and major cardiovascular events: D-Health randomised controlled trial

Abstract

Objective To investigate whether supplementing older adults with monthly doses of vitamin D alters the incidence of major cardiovascular events.

Design Randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial of monthly vitamin D (the D-Health Trial). Computer generated permuted block randomisation was used to allocate treatments.

Setting Australia from 2014 to 2020.

Participants 21 315 participants aged 60-84 years at enrolment. Exclusion criteria were self-reported hypercalcaemia, hyperparathyroidism, kidney stones, osteomalacia, sarcoidosis, taking >500 IU/day supplemental vitamin D, or unable to give consent because of language or cognitive impairment.

Intervention 60 000 IU/month vitamin D3 (n=10 662) or placebo (n=10 653) taken orally for up to five years. 16 882 participants completed the intervention period: placebo 8270 (77.6%); vitamin D 8552 (80.2%).

Main outcome measures The main outcome for this analysis was the occurrence of a major cardiovascular event, including myocardial infarction, stroke, and coronary revascularisation, determined through linkage with administrative datasets. Each event was analysed separately as secondary outcomes. Flexible parametric survival models were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results 21 302 people were included in the analysis. The median intervention period was five years. 1336 participants experienced a major cardiovascular event (placebo 699 (6.6%); vitamin D 637 (6.0%)). The rate of major cardiovascular events was lower in the vitamin D group than in the placebo group (hazard ratio 0.91, 95% confidence interval 0.81 to 1.01), especially among those who were taking cardiovascular drugs at baseline (0.84, 0.74 to 0.97; P for interaction=0.12), although the P value for interaction was not significant (<0.05). Overall, the difference in standardised cause specific cumulative incidence at five years was −5.8 events per 1000 participants (95% confidence interval −12.2 to 0.5 per 1000 participants), resulting in a number needed to treat to avoid one major cardiovascular event of 172. The rate of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 0.81, 95% confidence interval 0.67 to 0.98) and coronary revascularisation (0.89, 0.78 to 1.01) was lower in the vitamin D group, but there was no difference in the rate of stroke (0.99, 0.80 to 1.23).

Conclusions Vitamin D supplementation might reduce the incidence of major cardiovascular events, although the absolute risk difference was small and the confidence interval was consistent with a null finding. These findings could prompt further evaluation of the role of vitamin D supplementation, particularly in people taking drugs for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular disease.

Trial registration ACTRN12613000743763

Thompson B, Waterhouse M, English D R, McLeod D S, Armstrong B K, Baxter C et al. Vitamin D supplementation and major cardiovascular events: D-Health randomised controlled trial BMJ 2023; 381 :e075230 doi:10.1136/bmj-2023-075230

Sources of vitamin D for humans

Sources of vitamin D for humans

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Abstracts

Evgen Benedik 1 2

Affiliations expand

Abstract

Both vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency are now well-documented worldwide in relation to human health, and this has raised interest in vitamin D research. The aim of this article is therefore to review the literature on sources of vitamin D. It can be endogenously synthesised under ultraviolet B radiation in the skin, or ingested through dietary supplements and dietary sources, which include food of animal and plant origin, as well as fortified foods. Vitamin D is mainly found in two forms, D3 (cholecalciferol) and D2 (ergocalciferol). In addition to the D3 and D2 forms of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D also contributes significantly to dietary vitamin D intake. It is found in many animal-derived products. Fortified food can contain D3 or D2 forms or vitamin D metabolite 25-hydroxy vitamin D. Not many foods are a rich source (> 4 μg/100 g) of vitamin D (D represents D3 and/or D2), e.g., many but not all fish (5-25 μg/100 g), mushrooms (21.1-58.7 μg/100 g), Reindeer lichen (87 μg/100 g) and fish liver oils (250 μg/100 g). Other dietary sources are cheese, beef liver and eggs (1.3-2.9 μg/100 g), dark chocolate (4 μg/100 g), as well as fortified foods (milk, yoghurt, fat spreads, orange juice, breakfast grains, plant-based beverages). Since an adequate intake of vitamin D (15 μg/day set by the European Food Safety Authority) is hard to achieve through diet alone, dietary supplements of vitamin D are usually recommended. This review summarizes current knowledge about different sources of vitamin D for humans.

Keywords: Vitamin D; dietary sources; dietary supplements; fortified food.

Benedik E. Sources of vitamin D for humans. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2022 Mar;92(2):118-125. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000733. Epub 2021 Oct 18. PMID: 34658250.

Black and Red Raspberries

Black and Red Raspberries

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Ingredient Library

Red and Black Raspberries: A Comprehensive Guide

Introduction

Raspberries have been a popular fruit for centuries due to their sweet taste and numerous health benefits. Among the various types of raspberries, red and black raspberries stand out for their rich nutritional profile and therapeutic properties. In this article, we will explore the history, mechanism of action, health benefits, contraindications, nutritional information, health conditions, usage, side effects, interactions, dosing, eastern and western applications, and associated meridians of these delicious berries.

History

The history of raspberries dates back to ancient Greece. They were highly valued for their medicinal properties and were used to treat various ailments. In the 18th century, Europeans began cultivating raspberries for their culinary and medicinal uses. In the 19th century, red raspberries were introduced to North America. Black raspberries, on the other hand, are native to North America and have been used by Native Americans for centuries.

Mechanism of Action

Red and black raspberries contain various compounds such as anthocyanins, ellagitannins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids that contribute to their health benefits. These compounds have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties that help protect the body against oxidative stress and inflammation.

Health Benefits

The consumption of red and black raspberries has been associated with numerous health benefits. Some of these include:

  • Boosting the immune system: Raspberries are rich in vitamin C, which is essential for a healthy immune system. They also contain antioxidants that help protect the body against infections.
  • Supporting heart health: The anthocyanins in raspberries have been linked to improved cardiovascular health by reducing inflammation and improving blood flow.
  • Controlling blood sugar levels: Raspberries are low in glycemic index and high in fiber, making them a great choice for people with diabetes.
  • Promoting digestive health: The fiber and water content in raspberries can help regulate bowel movements and prevent constipation.
  • Protecting against cancer: The ellagic acid found in raspberries has been studied for its potential anti-cancer properties, particularly in preventing colon, breast, and prostate cancers.

Contraindications

While raspberries are generally safe for consumption, there are a few contraindications to keep in mind:

  • Allergies: Individuals with allergies to other berries or salicylates may also be allergic to raspberries.
  • Gout: People with gout should limit their intake of raspberries as they contain purines that can worsen symptoms.

Nutritional Information

Red and black raspberries are a great source of nutrients, including:

  • Vitamin C: One cup of raspberries (123 grams) provides 54% of the recommended daily intake of vitamin C.
  • Fiber: One cup of raspberries contains 8 grams of fiber, which is about one-third of the daily requirement for adults.
  • Manganese: One cup of raspberries provides 41% of the recommended daily intake of manganese, an essential trace mineral.
  • Vitamin K: Raspberries contain vitamin K, which is important for blood clotting and bone health.

Health Conditions, Illnesses and Diseases

Raspberries have been studied for their potential benefits in managing or preventing various health conditions, illnesses, and diseases:

  • Cardiovascular disease: The antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds in raspberries may help reduce the risk of heart disease.
  • Hypertension: Studies have shown that consuming raspberries can help lower blood pressure levels.
  • Obesity: Due to their low calorie and high fiber content, raspberries can be a great addition to a weight loss diet.

Usage

Raspberries can be consumed in a variety of ways, such as:

  • Eating them fresh or frozen
  • Adding them to smoothies or oatmeal
  • Using them in baked goods like muffins or cakes
  • Making homemade raspberry jam or jelly

They can also be used topically for skincare purposes, as the antioxidants and anti-inflammatory compounds in raspberries may help improve skin health.

Side Effects

Raspberries are considered safe for consumption in most people. However, some potential side effects to be aware of include:

  • Allergic reactions: Some individuals may have an allergy or sensitivity to raspberries, which can cause symptoms like itching, swelling, or difficulty breathing.
  • Pesticide exposure: Raspberries are often sprayed with pesticides, so it’s important to wash them thoroughly before consuming.
  • Blood thinning: Due to their vitamin K content, raspberries may interact with blood thinning medications. It’s best to consult with a healthcare provider before consuming large amounts of raspberries if you are taking these medications.

Interactions

Raspberries may interact with certain medications or supplements, including:

  • Blood thinners: As mentioned above, raspberries contain vitamin K which can affect blood clotting.
  • Diabetes medications: Raspberries may lower blood sugar levels, so it’s important to monitor your levels closely if taking medication for diabetes.
  • Iron supplements: Raspberries are rich in vitamin C, which can enhance the absorption of iron. If you are taking iron supplements, it’s best to avoid consuming large amounts of raspberries at the same time.

Dosing

There is no official dosing recommendation for raspberries, but it is generally safe to consume them in moderation as part of a healthy diet. It’s important to note that eating large quantities may cause digestive upset or other side effects, so it’s best to start with small servings and increase gradually if desired.

Eastern and Western Applications

In traditional Chinese medicine, raspberries are believed to have a cooling effect on the body and are used to treat conditions such as excessive sweating, irritability, and dry cough. In Ayurvedic medicine, they are also considered cooling and are used to balance excess heat in the body.

In Western herbalism, raspberries are often used to support digestion and as a general tonic for overall health. They are also commonly included in herbal remedies for respiratory conditions, such as coughs and sore throats.

Associated Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine, raspberries are associated with the Lung meridian, which is responsible for the respiratory system and immune function. They may also have an influence on the Stomach meridian, which is related to digestion.

References

  1. “Raspberry.” Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center. https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/raspberry
  2. “Rubus idaeus L.” American Botanical Council. https://www.herbalgram.org/resources/macropleasures/article/raspberry/
  3. “Red Raspberry.” University of Michigan Medicine. https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hn-2157006
  4. “Raspberry.” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/red-raspberry
  5. “Rubus idaeus (raspberry).” University of Maryland Medical Center. https://www.umms.org/ummc/health-services/complementary-terapias/raspberry
  6. “Raspberry.” American Herbalists Guild. https://www.americanherbalistsguild.com/herb-library/raspberry-rubus-idayeus 7. “Health Benefits of Raspberries.” Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/raspberry-nutrition
  7. “Raspberries: Benefits, Nutrition Facts & How to Eat Them.” Live Science. https://www.livescience.com/51000-raspberry-nutrition.html
  8. “The History of Raspberries.” Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/story/the-history-of-raspberries
  9. “10 Impressive Health Benefits of Raspberries.” Organic Facts. https://www.organicfacts.net/health-benefits/fruit/raspberries.html
  10. “Raspberry: Uses, Side Effects, Interactions, Dosage, and Warning.” WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/vitamins/ai/ingredientmono-309/raspberry
  11. “Raspberry (Rubus idaeus).” Herbal Medicine Materia Medica. https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Raspberry-Cid3285
  12. Balick, Michael J., and Roberta Lee. “The Use of Raspberry Leaf in Pregnancy: A Comprehensive Review.” Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health 52, no. 3 (2007): 307-317.
  13. “Raspberry Fruit Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits.” Vegetarian Times. https://www.vegetariantimes.com/health-and-nutrition/raspberry-fruit-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits
  14. “The Amazing Health Benefits of Raspberries.” Mercola. https://foodfacts.mercola.com/raspberry.html
  15. “Raspberry and Blood Sugar Control.” American Diabetes Association. http://www.diabetes.org/food-and-fitness/food/what-can-i-eat/making-healthy-food-choices/non-starchy-vegetables.html

 

 

 

Black Cumin Seed

Black Cumin Seed

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Ingredient Library

History of Black Cumin Seed

Black cumin seed, also known as Nigella sativa, has been used for centuries in traditional medicine in the Middle East and India. It is believed to have originated from Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Its use can be traced back to ancient civilizations such as the Assyrians, Egyptians, and Greeks. In ancient Egypt, black cumin seed was considered a panacea, meaning it was believed to cure all ailments. It was used for respiratory problems, digestive issues, and as a tonic for overall health.

In traditional Ayurvedic medicine, black cumin seed was used to treat conditions such as asthma, allergies, and skin disorders. It was also believed to have anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial properties. Over the years, black cumin seed has gained popularity and is now used in various forms of medicine, including traditional Chinese medicine and modern natural remedies.

Mechanism of Action

Black cumin seed contains many active compounds, including thymoquinone, phytochemicals, and fatty acids. Thymoquinone is believed to be the key component responsible for its therapeutic effects. Studies have shown that thymoquinone has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. It also has been found to have anti-cancer effects by inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in cancer cells.

Health Benefits

The potential health benefits of black cumin seed are numerous and have been studied extensively. Some of the reported health benefits include:

  • Anti-inflammatory properties: Black cumin seed has been found to have anti-inflammatory effects, which can help reduce symptoms of chronic inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and asthma.
  • Antioxidant effects: Thymoquinone in black cumin seed has antioxidant properties that protect against cell damage caused by free radicals.
  • Immune system support: Black cumin seed has been shown to enhance the immune system, making it an effective natural remedy for colds and infections.
  • Antimicrobial properties: Studies have shown that black cumin seed has antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral effects, making it a potential treatment for a variety of microbial infections.
  • Respiratory health: Traditionally, black cumin seed has been used to improve respiratory health and treat conditions such as coughs, bronchitis, and asthma.
  • Digestive health: Black cumin seed has been found to have a protective effect on the gastrointestinal system, reducing inflammation and promoting healthy digestion.

Contraindications

While black cumin seed is generally considered safe for consumption, there are some potential contraindications to be aware of:

  • Pregnancy and breastfeeding: Due to limited research, it is recommended that pregnant or breastfeeding women avoid consuming black cumin seed as a precaution.
  • Allergies: As with any food or supplement, some individuals may have an allergic reaction to black cumin seed. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional if you have known food allergies before incorporating black cumin seed into your diet.
  • Blood thinners: Black cumin seed may interfere with blood clotting, so individuals taking blood thinning medication should consult with their healthcare provider before consuming black cumin seed.

Nutritional Information

Black cumin seed is a rich source of essential nutrients and minerals such as:

  • Protein
  • Fiber
  • Iron
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Zinc
  • Vitamin A, B, and C

Health Conditions, Illnesses, and Diseases

While black cumin seed has been traditionally used to treat a variety of health conditions, there is limited scientific research on its effectiveness. However, some studies have shown potential benefits for the following:

  • Respiratory conditions: Black cumin seed has been used to improve respiratory health and treat conditions such as coughs, bronchitis, and asthma.
  • Inflammatory diseases: Due to its anti-inflammatory properties, black cumin seed may offer relief for individuals suffering from inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and eczema.
  • Diabetes: Some studies have shown that black cumin seed may help regulate blood sugar levels and improve insulin resistance in individuals with diabetes.
  • High blood pressure: The antioxidant properties of black cumin seed may help lower blood pressure and reduce the risk of heart disease.

Usage and Dosage

Black cumin seed can be found in various forms:

  • Whole seeds: These can be eaten raw or added to dishes for a subtle nutty flavor.
  • Oil: Black cumin seed oil is commonly used in cooking and can also be applied topically for skin and hair health.
  • Supplements: Black cumin seed extract is available in supplement form, but it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating it into your routine.

The dosage may vary depending on the form and purpose of use. For general health maintenance, a daily dose of 2-3 grams of black cumin seed is recommended. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplement or herbal remedy.

Side Effects and Interactions

Black cumin seed is generally considered safe for most people when taken in recommended doses. However, some individuals may experience mild side effects such as nausea, bloating, or allergic reactions, there are some potential side effects and interactions to be aware of:

  • Allergic reactions: Individuals with allergies to plants in the Apiaceae family (such as celery and carrots) may also have an allergic reaction to black cumin seeds.
  • Pregnancy and breast-feeding: There is limited research on the safety of black cumin seed during pregnancy or while breastfeeding, so it is best to consult with a healthcare provider before consuming it.
  • Interactions with medications: Black cumin seeds may interact with certain medications, including those for blood pressure and diabetes. It is important to speak with a healthcare provider if you are taking any medications and considering incorporating black cumin seeds into your routine.

It is essential to discontinue use if any adverse reactions occur and consult with a healthcare professional.

Eastern and Associated Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), black cumin seed is known as “Hei Zhong Cao” and is believed to have a warm nature and acrid taste. It is associated with the Lung, Large Intestine, and Stomach meridians, making it useful for treating respiratory issues, digestive disorders, and promoting overall wellness. TCM practitioners also believe that black cumin seed can help strengthen the immune system and tonify the Kidney and Spleen organs, which play a crucial role in maintaining overall health.

Western Applications

In Western herbalism, black cumin seed is commonly used for its anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antifungal properties. It has been studied for its potential to treat various health conditions such as allergies, asthma, diabetes, cancer, and neurological disorders. Additionally, it has been used to support the immune system and improve overall metabolic functions.

Conclusion

Black cumin seed has a long history of use in traditional medicine and is still being studied for its potential health benefits. While it is generally considered safe, it is important to consult with a healthcare provider before incorporating it into your routine, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications. Further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of action and potential side effects of this powerful seed. Overall, black cumin seed shows promise as a natural remedy for a variety of health conditions and may be worth considering as part of a holistic approach to wellness. As always, it is important to make informed decisions about your health and consult with a healthcare professional when making changes to your health routine. So, consider adding black cumin seed to your pantry and explore its potential benefits for yourself.

References

  1. Ahmad A, Husain A, Mujeeb M et al. (2013). A review on therapeutic potential of Nigella sativa: a miracle herb. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 3(5), 337-352.
  2. Bamosa AO, Kaatabi H, Lebda FM et al. (2019). Effect of Nigella sativa supplementation on lung function and inflammatory mediators in partly controlled asthma: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 39(5), 342-349.
  3. Cheikh-Rouhou S, Besbes S, Hentati B et al. (2008). Nigella sativa L.: chemical composition and physicochemical characteristics of lipid fraction. Food Chemistry, 28(4), 619-625.
  4. Farhangi MA, Dehghan P, Tajmiri S et al. (2019). Dietary Nigella sativa supplementation improves insulin sensitivity and lipid profile in type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Health Promotion Perspectives, 9(3), 188-193.
  5. Kanter M, Coskun O, Korkmaz A et al. (2011). Effects of Nigella sativa on oxidative stress and beta-cell damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Anatomical Record, 294(4), 685-691.
  6. Salem ML (2005). Immunomodulatory and therapeutic properties of the Nigella sativa L. seed. Research Journal of Immunology, 1(2), 50-56.
  7. Sezikli M, Koc A, Yildiz D et al. (2018). The potential anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of Thymoquinone and Nigella Sativa seeds oil in a model of acute cutaneous inflammation. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 48(2), 275-281.
  8. Tajmiri S, Farhangi MA, Dehghan P et al. (2019). Nigella sativa supplementation improves asthma control and biomarkers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Phytotherapy Research, 33(4), 940-946.
  9. Tavafi M, Ahmadvand H (2017). Nigella sativa L. and its active constituent thymoquinone: a review on antioxidant protection against natural toxins. Iranian Journal of Basic Medical Sciences, 20(2), 111-119.

Almonds

Almonds

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Ingredient Library

Almonds: A Nutritious and Versatile Superfood

Almonds have been prized for their nutritional and medicinal properties since ancient times. They are one of the oldest tree nuts still consumed today, with evidence of their cultivation dating back to at least 3000 BC in civilizations such as Egypt and Mesopotamia.

History

Almonds were originally believed to have originated in the Mediterranean region, but recent studies suggest that they may have actually originated in Central Asia. They were eventually brought to Europe by the Romans and spread throughout the world through trade routes. During medieval times, almonds were considered a luxurious food item and were often used as gifts for royalty and nobility. In fact, during this period, almonds were even thought to have magical healing powers and were used to treat various ailments.

Mechanism of Action

Almonds are a powerhouse of nutrition, providing a wide range of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants. They are also high in monounsaturated fats, which can help reduce the risk of heart disease by lowering LDL (bad) cholesterol levels while increasing HDL (good) cholesterol levels. Almonds also contain plant-based protein, making them an excellent option for vegetarians and vegans.

One particular compound found in almonds called amygdalin has been shown to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. This compound is converted into cyanide in the body, but only in very small amounts that are not harmful to humans. This conversion occurs when the almond is chewed or ground, releasing the amygdalin and allowing it to interact with enzymes in the gut.

Health Benefits

Almonds have been linked to numerous health benefits. Some of these include:

  • Improved heart health: The monounsaturated fats found in almonds can help lower cholesterol levels and reduce the risk of heart disease.
  • Better brain function: Almonds are a good source of vitamin E, which has been shown to improve brain function and protect against cognitive decline.
  • Reduced risk of diabetes: Studies have shown that including almonds in your diet can help lower blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
  • Improved bone health: Almonds are a good source of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, all of which are important for maintaining strong bones.
  • Skin and hair health: The vitamin E and antioxidants in almonds can help promote healthy skin and hair, reducing signs of aging and preventing damage from free radicals.

Contraindications

While almonds are generally safe for consumption, there are a few contraindications to keep in mind:

  • Allergy: Almonds are one of the top eight allergens, so those with a tree nut allergy should avoid consuming almonds.
  • Digestive issues: Some people may experience digestive discomfort when consuming almonds, as they contain high amounts of fiber and can be difficult to digest for some individuals.

Nutritional Information

A 1-ounce (28 gram) serving of almonds contains:

  • Calories: 164
  • Fat: 14 grams
  • Protein: 6 grams
  • Carbohydrates: 6 grams
  • Fiber: 3.5 grams
  • Vitamin E: 37% of the recommended daily intake (RDI)
  • Magnesium: 20% of the RDI
  • Calcium: 8% of the RDI

Almonds also contain small amounts of other essential vitamins and minerals such as iron, zinc, and B vitamins.

Health Conditions, Illnesses, and Diseases

Some evidence suggests that almonds may be beneficial for managing or preventing the following health conditions:

  • Heart disease
  • Type 2 diabetes
  • Osteoporosis

However, more research is needed to confirm these potential benefits.

Usage

Almonds can be consumed in a variety of ways, including:

  • Raw or roasted as a snack
  • Added to salads, stir-fries, and other dishes for added crunch and nutrition
  • Ground into almond flour for baking

Side Effects and Interactions

In general, almonds are safe for consumption. However, consuming too many almonds may lead to digestive discomfort due to their high fiber content. Additionally, those with a tree nut allergy should avoid consuming almonds.

Almonds may also interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diabetes medication. It is important to consult with a healthcare professional before consuming almonds if you are taking any medications.

Dosing

There is no specific recommended daily intake for almonds, but it is generally recommended to consume them in moderation as part of a balanced diet.

Eastern and Western Applications and Associated Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine, almonds are believed to tonify the lung and spleen meridians. They are often used to treat coughs, asthma, and digestive issues.  In Western herbalism, almonds have been used to aid digestion, improve skin health, and promote overall wellness.

References

  • “Almond Nutrition Facts.” https://www.almonds.com/consumers/health-and-nutrition/almond-nutrition-facts
  • “Potential Health Benefits of Almonds.” https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-almonds
  • “Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the Lung Meridian.” https://www.verywellhealth.com/lung-meridian-what-you-need-to-know-for-tcm-health-4123210
  • “Almonds: Benefits, nutrition, and risks.” https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/269468.php .”Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the Spleen Meridian.” https://www.verywellhealth.com/spleen-meridian-what-you-need-to-know-for-tcm-health-4123192
  • “Almonds: A Source of Healthy Fats and Nutrients.” https://www.eatright.org/food/vitamins-and-supplements/types-of-vitamins-and-nutrients/almonds-a-source-of-healthy-fats-and-nutrients. .”Herbs and Supplements: Almonds.” https://www.uofmhealth.org/health-library/hn-4386006
  • “Almond Oil Benefits.” https://www.healthline.com/health/almond-oil-benefits.
  • “Possible Interactions with: Almond.” https://www.rheumatology.org/I-Am-A/Patient-Caregiver/Treatments/Possible-Interactions-with-Almond.
  • “Almonds: Side Effects and Precautions.” https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/321387.php.
  • “Almond Allergy.” https://acaai.org/allergies/allergy-treatment/types-allergens/food-allergens/almond-allergy.
  • “TCM Diagnostics for Common Digestive Disorders.” https://www.emperorsherbologist.com/tcm-diagnostics-common-digestive-disorders/.
  • “Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and the Liver Meridian.” https://www.verywellhealth.com/liver-meridian-what-you-need-to-know-for-tcm-health-4123208

Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects

Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Abstracts

Abstract

The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex.

Keywords: Aloe gel, aloe latex, Aloe vera, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, toxicological effects

Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2016 Apr 2;34(2):77-96. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826. PMID: 26986231; PMCID: PMC6349368.

doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826

Acai

Acai

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Ingredient Library

Acai: The Superfood from the Amazon Rainforest

Acai (pronounced “ah-sigh-ee”) is a small, dark purple berry that comes from the acai palm tree native to the rainforests of South America. This powerful superfood has been gaining popularity in recent years due to its numerous health benefits and rich nutritional profile.

History of Acai

The acai berry has been an important part of the diet and culture of indigenous tribes in the Amazon for centuries. It was traditionally used as a source of energy and healing by these communities.

In the 1970s, commercial harvesting and exporting of acai began, mainly to Brazil and other South American countries. However, it wasn’t until the early 2000s that acai became known globally, thanks to the rise of health and wellness trends.

Mechanism of Action

Acai is primarily known for its high antioxidant content, specifically anthocyanins which give it its distinctive dark purple color. Antioxidants help protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to various diseases and aging.

Aside from antioxidants, acai also contains essential fatty acids, fiber, and other vitamins and minerals that contribute to its health benefits.

Health Benefits

Research has shown that acai may have several potential health benefits, including:

  • Boosting immunity: Acai’s high antioxidant content can help strengthen the immune system and protect against illness and infections.
  • Improving heart health: The anthocyanins in acai may help reduce cholesterol levels and improve blood flow, which can lower the risk of heart disease.
  • Aiding digestion: The fiber in acai can promote healthy digestion and prevent constipation.
  • Anti-inflammatory effects: Some studies have found that acai has anti-inflammatory properties, which may benefit conditions such as arthritis and skin disorders.

Nutritional Information

Acai is rich in various nutrients, including:

  • Antioxidants: As mentioned, acai is a powerhouse of antioxidants, including anthocyanins, which are responsible for its deep purple color.
  • Essential fatty acids: Acai contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are important for brain health and can also help reduce inflammation.
  • Fiber: Acai is a good source of fiber, which can help regulate digestion and promote feelings of fullness.
  • Vitamins and minerals: Acai contains essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Health Conditions, Illnesses, and Diseases

Due to its high antioxidant content and other beneficial nutrients, acai may be beneficial for managing or preventing various health conditions, illnesses, and diseases including:

  • Cardiovascular disease: Acai’s potential to improve heart health may help reduce the risk of heart disease.
  • Diabetes: Acai’s antioxidants and fiber can help regulate blood sugar levels, making it a potentially useful food for those with diabetes.
  • Obesity: The high fiber content in acai can help promote feelings of fullness and aid in weight management.
  • Inflammatory conditions: Acai’s anti-inflammatory effects may be beneficial for managing conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders.

Usage and Dosage

Acai is most commonly consumed as a juice or supplement. The dosage varies depending on the form of acai being used. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the supplement or juice label. A typical dose of acai powder is 2-3 teaspoons per day, while freeze-dried acai capsules are typically taken twice daily.

Eastern and Western Applications

Acai has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by indigenous tribes in the Amazon rainforest. It is believed to have many health benefits and is often used to treat various conditions such as diarrhea, fever, and pain. In the Western world, acai has gained popularity in recent years for its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.

Associated Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine, acai is believed to have effects on the heart and liver meridians. The heart meridian is responsible for regulating emotions and blood circulation, while the liver meridian is associated with detoxification and regulating the flow of energy in the body. Acai’s potential benefits for heart health and its ability to help regulate blood sugar levels may align with its effects on these meridians.

Conclusion

Acai has a rich history and is believed to have many health benefits due to its high antioxidant content, nutrients, and potential anti-inflammatory effects. While further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential health benefits, acai remains a popular superfood in both Eastern and Western medicine. As with any supplement or food, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before adding acai to your diet, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications that may interact with it. So, it is always recommended to use acai in moderation and as part of a balanced diet to reap its potential benefits. Always remember that for optimal health, the key lies in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods. References can be found below for further reading on the topic.

References

    • “10 Health Benefits of Acai Berries,” Healthline, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-acai-berries#1.-High-in-Antioxidants.
    • “Acai Berry: Health Benefits, Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & Interactions,” RxList, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.rxlist.com/acai/supplements.htm#what_is_acai.
    • “Acai Berry,” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/acai-berry.
    • “Açaí palm,” Missouri Botanical Garden, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a970.
    • “Acai Berry,” University of Florida, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HS/HS37800.pdf.
    • “Acai Berries: What Are the Health Benefits?,” Mayo Clinic, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/acai/faq-20057794.
    • “Acai Berry Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits,” Verywell Fit, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.verywellfit.com/acai-berry-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits-4589754.
    • “Acai Berry and Weight Loss,” WebMD, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/acai-weight-loss-wonder-fruit#1.
    • “Acai Berry,” Drugs.com, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.drugs.com/npp/acai-berry.html.
    • “Acai Berries and Their Potential Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109711020303.

Aloe vera

Aloe vera

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Ingredient Library

The History of Aloe Vera

Aloe vera is a succulent plant that has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. This plant is believed to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula and was first mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts as early as 1550 BC. It was highly regarded by many civilizations, including the Greeks, Romans, and Chinese, for its healing properties.

Mechanism of Action

The gel inside the aloe vera plant contains various bioactive components such as vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids. These compounds work together to provide numerous health benefits. The most notable component is acemannan, a polysaccharide that has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Aloe vera also contains antioxidants, which help protect the body from harmful free radicals.

Health Benefits

Aloe vera, a versatile plant with a rich history of medicinal use, has been employed for centuries to address a diverse array of health conditions. Renowned for its soothing properties, it has found applications in treating various skin irritations, burns, and digestive ailments. Moreover, aloe vera is believed to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral characteristics that facilitate wound healing and fortify the immune system. In addition to these benefits, scientific studies have indicated that regular consumption of aloe vera may contribute to improved blood sugar control and reduced cholesterol levels, making it an intriguing natural supplement for overall wellbeing.

Nutritional Information

Aloe vera is not only beneficial for its medicinal properties but also as a source of nutrients. The gel contains essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B3, B6, and folic acid. It is also rich in calcium, magnesium, zinc, and potassium. Aloe vera is low in calories and sugar, making it a great addition to a healthy diet.

Health Conditions

Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat various health conditions such as constipation, skin irritations, and infections. It has also gained popularity for its potential benefits in managing diabetes, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. However, more research is needed to confirm these claims.

Usage

Aloe vera can be used in various forms, including gels, juices, supplements, and topical creams. The most common way of using aloe vera is by applying the gel directly onto the skin or consuming it as a juice or supplement. Topical creams containing aloe vera are also available for skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

Side Effects

While aloe vera is generally safe for most people, it can cause some side effects in certain individuals. These may include allergic reactions, stomach discomfort, and diarrhea. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before consuming or using any form of aloe vera.

Interactions

Aloe vera can interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diuretics. It is important to speak with a healthcare professional before incorporating aloe vera into your routine if you are taking any medications.

Dosing

The recommended dosage of aloe vera varies depending on the form used and the health condition being treated. It is always best to follow the instructions on the product label or seek guidance from a healthcare professional.

Eastern and Western Applications

Aloe vera has been used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American healing practices for centuries. In these systems, it is believed to have cooling and moisturizing properties, making it useful for treating conditions such as burns, inflammation, and digestive issues. In Western medicine, aloe vera is primarily used for its topical benefits, such as treating sunburns and minor skin irritations.

Associated Meridians

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), aloe vera is associated with the meridians of the liver, stomach, and large intestine. These meridians are believed to be responsible for regulating various bodily functions and treating specific health conditions. For example, the liver meridian is believed to be responsible for detoxification and promoting blood circulation, while the stomach meridian is associated with digestion and nutrient absorption.

References

  1. Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(7):739-747.
  2. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-166.
  3. Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: a review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2016;34(2):77-96.
  4. Yagi A, Egusa T, Arase M, Tanabe M, Tsuji H. Antioxidant activity of aloe vera extract in vitro and its protection against UV-induced erythema in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(7):1009-1014.
  5. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Aloe Vera. Updated March 2020. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/aloe-vera
  6. Gage AA, Freeman RG. Aloe vera and the inflamed synovial pouch model [abstract]. Agents Actions. 1979;9(3):269-275.
  7. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: Fact Sheet for Consumers. Updated June 2021. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/
  8. Medical Reference: Aloe Vera. University of Maryland Medical Center Web site. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/aloe-vera-000221.htm.
  9. Rasheed Z, Anbazhagan AN, Akhtar N, Ramamurthy S, Shukla M. Aloe vera enhances the innate immune response of Channa striatus against Aeromonas hydrophila infection by altering nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2012;32(6):1059-1068.
  10. Basli A, Soulet S, Chaher N, et al. The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wound Repair Regen. 2014;22(5):712-726.
Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men

Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Abstracts

Kamla Kant Shukla 1, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Mohammad Kaleem Ahmad, Shyam Pyari Jaiswar, Satya Narain Shankwar, Sarvada Chandra Tiwari

The goal of this study was to see how Mucuna pruriens affected infertile males who were under psychological stress. A questionnaire and increased blood cortisol levels were used to examine 60 patients who were having infertility screening and were found to be suffering from psychological stress. As controls, 60 age-matched healthy males with normal sperm parameters who had previously started at least one pregnancy were included. Subjects who were under psychological stress had lower sperm count and motility, according to the findings. M. pruriens treatment reduced psychological stress and reduced seminal plasma lipid peroxide levels, as well as improving sperm count and motility. It may be inferred that M. pruriens not only reactivates infertile men’s antioxidant defense system, but also aids in stress management and increases sperm quality.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955292/

The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens

The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens

by | Jan 2, 2024 | Abstracts

Abstract

Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is an established herbal drug used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac. It has been shown that its seeds are potentially of substantial medicinal importance. The ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, traditionally used M. pruriens, even to treat such things as Parkinson’s disease. M. pruriens has been shown to have anti-parkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its anti-oxidant activity. In addition, anti-oxidant activity of M. pruriens has been also demonstrated in vitro by its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and reactive oxygen species. In this review the medicinal properties of M. pruriens are summarized, taking in consideration the studies that have used the seeds extracts and the leaves extracts.

Keywords: Mucuna pruriens, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Parkinson’s disease, Skin, Diabetes

Lampariello LR, Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Sticozzi C, Valacchi G. The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. J Tradit Complement Med. 2012 Oct;2(4):331-9. doi: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5. PMID: 24716148; PMCID: PMC3942911.

doi: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5