Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects

Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects

Abstract

The Aloe plant is employed as a dietary supplement in a variety of foods and as an ingredient in cosmetic products. The widespread human exposure and its potential toxic and carcinogenic activities raise safety concerns. Chemical analysis reveals that the Aloe plant contains various polysaccharides and phenolic chemicals, notably anthraquinones. Ingestion of Aloe preparations is associated with diarrhea, hypokalemia, pseudomelanosis coli, kidney failure, as well as phototoxicity and hypersensitive reactions. Recently, Aloe vera whole leaf extract showed clear evidence of carcinogenic activity in rats, and was classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer as a possible human carcinogen (Group 2B). This review presents updated information on the toxicological effects, including the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity, and adverse clinical effects of Aloe vera whole leaf extract, gel, and latex.

Keywords: Aloe gel, aloe latex, Aloe vera, carcinogenicity, genotoxicity, toxicological effects

Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: A review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2016 Apr 2;34(2):77-96. doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826. PMID: 26986231; PMCID: PMC6349368.

doi: 10.1080/10590501.2016.1166826

Acai

Acai

Acai: The Superfood from the Amazon Rainforest

Acai (pronounced “ah-sigh-ee”) is a small, dark purple berry that comes from the acai palm tree native to the rainforests of South America. This powerful superfood has been gaining popularity in recent years due to its numerous health benefits and rich nutritional profile.

History of Acai

The acai berry has been an important part of the diet and culture of indigenous tribes in the Amazon for centuries. It was traditionally used as a source of energy and healing by these communities.

In the 1970s, commercial harvesting and exporting of acai began, mainly to Brazil and other South American countries. However, it wasn’t until the early 2000s that acai became known globally, thanks to the rise of health and wellness trends.

Mechanism of Action

Acai is primarily known for its high antioxidant content, specifically anthocyanins which give it its distinctive dark purple color. Antioxidants help protect our cells from damage caused by free radicals, which can lead to various diseases and aging.

Aside from antioxidants, acai also contains essential fatty acids, fiber, and other vitamins and minerals that contribute to its health benefits.

Health Benefits

Research has shown that acai may have several potential health benefits, including:

  • Boosting immunity: Acai’s high antioxidant content can help strengthen the immune system and protect against illness and infections.
  • Improving heart health: The anthocyanins in acai may help reduce cholesterol levels and improve blood flow, which can lower the risk of heart disease.
  • Aiding digestion: The fiber in acai can promote healthy digestion and prevent constipation.
  • Anti-inflammatory effects: Some studies have found that acai has anti-inflammatory properties, which may benefit conditions such as arthritis and skin disorders.

Nutritional Information

Acai is rich in various nutrients, including:

  • Antioxidants: As mentioned, acai is a powerhouse of antioxidants, including anthocyanins, which are responsible for its deep purple color.
  • Essential fatty acids: Acai contains omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, which are important for brain health and can also help reduce inflammation.
  • Fiber: Acai is a good source of fiber, which can help regulate digestion and promote feelings of fullness.
  • Vitamins and minerals: Acai contains essential vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, vitamin E, calcium, magnesium, and potassium.

Health Conditions, Illnesses, and Diseases

Due to its high antioxidant content and other beneficial nutrients, acai may be beneficial for managing or preventing various health conditions, illnesses, and diseases including:

  • Cardiovascular disease: Acai’s potential to improve heart health may help reduce the risk of heart disease.
  • Diabetes: Acai’s antioxidants and fiber can help regulate blood sugar levels, making it a potentially useful food for those with diabetes.
  • Obesity: The high fiber content in acai can help promote feelings of fullness and aid in weight management.
  • Inflammatory conditions: Acai’s anti-inflammatory effects may be beneficial for managing conditions such as arthritis, asthma, and skin disorders.

Usage and Dosage

Acai is most commonly consumed as a juice or supplement. The dosage varies depending on the form of acai being used. It is recommended to follow the instructions on the supplement or juice label. A typical dose of acai powder is 2-3 teaspoons per day, while freeze-dried acai capsules are typically taken twice daily.

Eastern and Western Applications

Acai has been used for centuries in traditional medicine by indigenous tribes in the Amazon rainforest. It is believed to have many health benefits and is often used to treat various conditions such as diarrhea, fever, and pain. In the Western world, acai has gained popularity in recent years for its antioxidant properties and potential health benefits.

Associated Meridians

In traditional Chinese medicine, acai is believed to have effects on the heart and liver meridians. The heart meridian is responsible for regulating emotions and blood circulation, while the liver meridian is associated with detoxification and regulating the flow of energy in the body. Acai’s potential benefits for heart health and its ability to help regulate blood sugar levels may align with its effects on these meridians.

Conclusion

Acai has a rich history and is believed to have many health benefits due to its high antioxidant content, nutrients, and potential anti-inflammatory effects. While further research is needed to fully understand its mechanisms of action and potential health benefits, acai remains a popular superfood in both Eastern and Western medicine. As with any supplement or food, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before adding acai to your diet, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medications that may interact with it. So, it is always recommended to use acai in moderation and as part of a balanced diet to reap its potential benefits. Always remember that for optimal health, the key lies in maintaining a healthy lifestyle and consuming a variety of nutrient-rich foods. References can be found below for further reading on the topic.

References

    • “10 Health Benefits of Acai Berries,” Healthline, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/benefits-of-acai-berries#1.-High-in-Antioxidants.
    • “Acai Berry: Health Benefits, Uses, Side Effects, Dosage & Interactions,” RxList, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.rxlist.com/acai/supplements.htm#what_is_acai.
    • “Acai Berry,” National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/acai-berry.
    • “Açaí palm,” Missouri Botanical Garden, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=a970.
    • “Acai Berry,” University of Florida, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/HS/HS37800.pdf.
    • “Acai Berries: What Are the Health Benefits?,” Mayo Clinic, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/high-blood-cholesterol/expert-answers/acai/faq-20057794.
    • “Acai Berry Nutrition Facts and Health Benefits,” Verywell Fit, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.verywellfit.com/acai-berry-nutrition-facts-and-health-benefits-4589754.
    • “Acai Berry and Weight Loss,” WebMD, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/acai-weight-loss-wonder-fruit#1.
    • “Acai Berry,” Drugs.com, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.drugs.com/npp/acai-berry.html.
    • “Acai Berries and Their Potential Role in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention,” Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 2011. [Online]. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109711020303.

Aloe vera

Aloe vera

The History of Aloe Vera

Aloe vera is a succulent plant that has been used for medicinal purposes for thousands of years. This plant is believed to have originated in the Arabian Peninsula and was first mentioned in ancient Egyptian texts as early as 1550 BC. It was highly regarded by many civilizations, including the Greeks, Romans, and Chinese, for its healing properties.

Mechanism of Action

The gel inside the aloe vera plant contains various bioactive components such as vitamins, minerals, enzymes, and amino acids. These compounds work together to provide numerous health benefits. The most notable component is acemannan, a polysaccharide that has anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. Aloe vera also contains antioxidants, which help protect the body from harmful free radicals.

Health Benefits

Aloe vera, a versatile plant with a rich history of medicinal use, has been employed for centuries to address a diverse array of health conditions. Renowned for its soothing properties, it has found applications in treating various skin irritations, burns, and digestive ailments. Moreover, aloe vera is believed to possess potent anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral characteristics that facilitate wound healing and fortify the immune system. In addition to these benefits, scientific studies have indicated that regular consumption of aloe vera may contribute to improved blood sugar control and reduced cholesterol levels, making it an intriguing natural supplement for overall wellbeing.

Nutritional Information

Aloe vera is not only beneficial for its medicinal properties but also as a source of nutrients. The gel contains essential vitamins and minerals, including vitamins A, C, E, B1, B2, B3, B6, and folic acid. It is also rich in calcium, magnesium, zinc, and potassium. Aloe vera is low in calories and sugar, making it a great addition to a healthy diet.

Health Conditions

Aloe vera has been traditionally used to treat various health conditions such as constipation, skin irritations, and infections. It has also gained popularity for its potential benefits in managing diabetes, reducing inflammation, and promoting wound healing. However, more research is needed to confirm these claims.

Usage

Aloe vera can be used in various forms, including gels, juices, supplements, and topical creams. The most common way of using aloe vera is by applying the gel directly onto the skin or consuming it as a juice or supplement. Topical creams containing aloe vera are also available for skin conditions such as psoriasis and eczema.

Side Effects

While aloe vera is generally safe for most people, it can cause some side effects in certain individuals. These may include allergic reactions, stomach discomfort, and diarrhea. It is always best to consult with a healthcare professional before consuming or using any form of aloe vera.

Interactions

Aloe vera can interact with certain medications, such as blood thinners and diuretics. It is important to speak with a healthcare professional before incorporating aloe vera into your routine if you are taking any medications.

Dosing

The recommended dosage of aloe vera varies depending on the form used and the health condition being treated. It is always best to follow the instructions on the product label or seek guidance from a healthcare professional.

Eastern and Western Applications

Aloe vera has been used in traditional medicine systems such as Ayurveda, Chinese medicine, and Native American healing practices for centuries. In these systems, it is believed to have cooling and moisturizing properties, making it useful for treating conditions such as burns, inflammation, and digestive issues. In Western medicine, aloe vera is primarily used for its topical benefits, such as treating sunburns and minor skin irritations.

Associated Meridians

In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), aloe vera is associated with the meridians of the liver, stomach, and large intestine. These meridians are believed to be responsible for regulating various bodily functions and treating specific health conditions. For example, the liver meridian is believed to be responsible for detoxification and promoting blood circulation, while the stomach meridian is associated with digestion and nutrient absorption.

References

  1. Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2004;19(7):739-747.
  2. Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple DG. Aloe vera: a short review. Indian J Dermatol. 2008;53(4):163-166.
  3. Guo X, Mei N. Aloe vera: a review of toxicity and adverse clinical effects. J Environ Sci Health C Environ Carcinog Ecotoxicol Rev. 2016;34(2):77-96.
  4. Yagi A, Egusa T, Arase M, Tanabe M, Tsuji H. Antioxidant activity of aloe vera extract in vitro and its protection against UV-induced erythema in vivo. Food Chem Toxicol. 2002;40(7):1009-1014.
  5. National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health. Aloe Vera. Updated March 2020. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/aloe-vera
  6. Gage AA, Freeman RG. Aloe vera and the inflamed synovial pouch model [abstract]. Agents Actions. 1979;9(3):269-275.
  7. National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements. Vitamin C: Fact Sheet for Consumers. Updated June 2021. Accessed September 27, 2021. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminC-Consumer/
  8. Medical Reference: Aloe Vera. University of Maryland Medical Center Web site. http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/aloe-vera-000221.htm.
  9. Rasheed Z, Anbazhagan AN, Akhtar N, Ramamurthy S, Shukla M. Aloe vera enhances the innate immune response of Channa striatus against Aeromonas hydrophila infection by altering nuclear factor-kappaB signaling pathway. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2012;32(6):1059-1068.
  10. Basli A, Soulet S, Chaher N, et al. The effects of aloe vera on wound healing in cell proliferation, migration, and viability. Wound Repair Regen. 2014;22(5):712-726.
Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men

Mucuna pruriens Reduces Stress and Improves the Quality of Semen in Infertile Men

Kamla Kant Shukla 1, Abbas Ali Mahdi, Mohammad Kaleem Ahmad, Shyam Pyari Jaiswar, Satya Narain Shankwar, Sarvada Chandra Tiwari

The goal of this study was to see how Mucuna pruriens affected infertile males who were under psychological stress. A questionnaire and increased blood cortisol levels were used to examine 60 patients who were having infertility screening and were found to be suffering from psychological stress. As controls, 60 age-matched healthy males with normal sperm parameters who had previously started at least one pregnancy were included. Subjects who were under psychological stress had lower sperm count and motility, according to the findings. M. pruriens treatment reduced psychological stress and reduced seminal plasma lipid peroxide levels, as well as improving sperm count and motility. It may be inferred that M. pruriens not only reactivates infertile men’s antioxidant defense system, but also aids in stress management and increases sperm quality.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18955292/

The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens

The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens

Abstract

Mucuna pruriens (Fabaceae) is an established herbal drug used for the management of male infertility, nervous disorders, and also as an aphrodisiac. It has been shown that its seeds are potentially of substantial medicinal importance. The ancient Indian medical system, Ayurveda, traditionally used M. pruriens, even to treat such things as Parkinson’s disease. M. pruriens has been shown to have anti-parkinson and neuroprotective effects, which may be related to its anti-oxidant activity. In addition, anti-oxidant activity of M. pruriens has been also demonstrated in vitro by its ability to scavenge DPPH radicals and reactive oxygen species. In this review the medicinal properties of M. pruriens are summarized, taking in consideration the studies that have used the seeds extracts and the leaves extracts.

Keywords: Mucuna pruriens, Phytochemicals, Antioxidant, Parkinson’s disease, Skin, Diabetes

Lampariello LR, Cortelazzo A, Guerranti R, Sticozzi C, Valacchi G. The Magic Velvet Bean of Mucuna pruriens. J Tradit Complement Med. 2012 Oct;2(4):331-9. doi: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5. PMID: 24716148; PMCID: PMC3942911.

doi: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30119-5